Puso

Puso térã pundie peteha ahyꞌopyꞌapegua haꞌe peteĩ ñeꞌẽpu pundiegua ojeporúva heta ñeꞌẽngue oñeñeꞌẽvape, ojejapóva ohapejokóvo arapytu osyryha ñeꞌẽsẽ rapépe térã, jaꞌe porãsérõ, ahyꞌopyꞌápe. Ñeꞌẽpuandu Raity Hetatetãmegua (ÑRH) ohechauka pe taipu ⟨ʔ⟩ reheve.

Arapytu osyry rupi ahyꞌopyꞌápe, jeryrýi ahyꞌopyꞌapegua ojoko térã oiko hekopeꞌỹramo osẽvo kanguy ha oguejývo sapyꞌa imbarete.^[1]

Jehai rape

Heta ñeꞌẽ – araveñeꞌẽicha – tekoymaguare (karaiñeꞌẽme: tradicional) morromaraitýpe, puso ojembohaity apóhtrofo ⟨ʼ⟩ térã techaukaha ⟨ʾ⟩ reheve, haꞌéva ÑRH rai ⟨ʔ⟩ ypykue. Heta Polinésia ñeꞌẽme oiporúva Rróma raity, jepémo, puso ojehai peteĩ apóhtrofo ojeréva reheve, ⟨ʻ⟩ (ojeheróvaʻokina havaiñeꞌẽ ha samoañeꞌẽme), ojeporúva jepi avei oñembohasa hag̃ua araveñeꞌẽ ayin (avei ⟨ʽ⟩) ha haꞌe tai ypykue ÑRH-pegua pundie pytuhẽha farĩhepegua oñeꞌẽsẽva ⟨ʕ⟩-pe g̃uarã. Malajoñeꞌẽme puso ojehechauka tai ⟨k⟩ rupive (ñeꞌẽpy pahápe), vyro ñeꞌẽ ha maltañeꞌẽme ⟨q⟩ rupive. Ambue tape ojehai hag̃ua puso haꞌe saltillo ⟨Ꞌ ꞌ⟩ (majúhkula ha minúhkula), ojeporúva ñeꞌẽme haꞌévaicha tlapanec ñeꞌẽ ha Rapa Nui ñeꞌẽ.

Ambue taitýpe oreko avei tai ojeporúva ombohechauka hag̃ua puso, techapyrã evréo rai aleph ⟨א⟩ ha Sirílo raity rai ''palochka'' ⟨Ӏ⟩, ojeporúva heta Káukaso ñeꞌẽnguérape. Arávia raity oiporu hamza ⟨ء⟩, ikatúva ou mokõive aséntoicha ha tai isãsóvaicha (jepe achegety reheguaꞌỹva). Túndra nénety ñeꞌẽme, ombohechauka chupe taikuéra apóhtrofo ⟨ʼ⟩ ha apóhtrofokõi ⟨ˮ⟩. Hapoñeꞌẽme, puso oiko myangekói ha pochy ñeꞌẽndyikuéra pahaitépe ha oñembohechauka tai ⟨っ⟩ reheve.

Hetave Filipíno ñeꞌẽnguéra jehechaukarã taitypeguápe, puso ndorekói mbohaity rape (ingleñe'ẽ: symbolization) ojoajúva. Hakatu hetavépe peteĩ ñeꞌẽty oñepyrũva puꞌae rai reheve (techapyrã tagaloñeꞌẽ aso, "jagua") oñembohéra meme peteĩ puso noñemohechaukáiva reheve upe puꞌae mboyve (alemaniañeꞌẽ koꞌãgagua ha hausañeꞌẽmeguáicha). Oĩ jehaikaturã oipurúva guión, apóhtroofo ojeréva rangue, puso ojehúramo ñeꞌe mbytépe (techapyrã, tagaloñeꞌẽ pag-ibig, "mborayhu"; térã visajañeꞌẽ gabi-i, "pyhare"). Oikóramo peteĩ ñeꞌẽpy pahaitépe, puꞌae paha ikatu ojehai acento circunflejo reheve (ojekuaáva pakupyâ ramo) mokõivéva puatã ha puso oúramo puꞌae pahaitépe (techapyrã, basâ, "heꞌõ") térã peteĩ acento grave (ojekuaáva paiwà ramo) puso oúramo puꞌae pahaitépe, hakatu puatã ojehu paha mboyveguápe (techapyrã, batà, "mitã"). ^[2]^[3]

Oĩva Kanada ypyháicha ñeꞌẽnguérape, koꞌýte oĩva salishan ñeꞌẽnguéra, oipyhýva IPA tai ⟨ʔ⟩ ijehaikaturãme. Oĩ umíva apytépe ojehúva majúhkula ha minúhkula, ⟨Ɂ⟩ ha ⟨ɂ⟩. ^[4] Papapy ⟨7⟩ térã peteĩ porandu rechaukaha sapyꞌánte oñemyengovia ⟨ʔ⟩ rehe, ha ojeiporavove ñeꞌẽme haꞌeháicha squamish ñeꞌẽ. SENĆOŦEN rehegua – hiꞌachegety hetavehápe ijojahaꞌỹva ambue salish ñeꞌẽnguéragui – ombohováivo oipuru kóma ⟨,⟩ ohechauka hagua puso, jepémo ipyhypyrã.

Ary 2015, mokõi kuña Kanada Yvyrupa Yvatekuarahyreiképe ombohovái yvyrupa sãmbyhyhápe ndohejáigui chupekuéra oipuru tai ⟨ʔ⟩ imembykuña rérape: Sahaiʔa, téra chipewyan ñeꞌẽme, ha Sakaeʔah, téra slavey ñeꞌẽme (mokõi téra añetehápe ijypy ojoajúva). Yvyvore rembiguái omosus‍ũ Kuatiatãꞌi Jekuaaukaha yvyvorepegua ha tetãmeguakuéra ndaikatuiha ohechauka pe tai. Mokõi kuña oheramoĩ chupekuéra taiky ⟨-⟩ reheve ⟨ʔ⟩ rangue, omboguata aja ombohovaiha pe jokuairape. ^[5]

Puso jeporu haꞌe peteĩ mbaꞌe ojehechakuaáva Ehkósia gael ñeꞌẽ Ñemby Yvyrusu Argyll dialeytokuérape. Umichagua dialéytope, gael ñeꞌẽ estándar ñeꞌẽjoaju "Tha Gàidhlig agam" ("Che añeꞌẽ gael ñeꞌẽ"), oñembohasáta "Tha Gàidhlig a'am".

Gána Nawdm ñeꞌẽme, puso ojehai ɦ, majúhkula Ĥ .

Avañeꞌẽme

Avañeꞌẽme oĩ puso^[6], hetavépe peteĩ ñeꞌẽky (morfema) ryepýpe.

Saltillo ⟨Ꞌ ꞌ⟩ haꞌe tape hekopetevéva ohai hag̃ua puso^[7]. Jepémo, iporeꞌỹgui avañeꞌẽ rairendaty koꞌãgaguakuérape, hetavépe ojeporu ⟨'⟩, ⟨’⟩, ⟨ʼ⟩, ⟨ʻ⟩ hambaꞌe.

Ambue ñeꞌẽnguérape jejuhu

Ogykehai oĩva iguýpe ohechauka mbaꞌeichaitépa ojejuhu puso ryapu yvorapegua ñeꞌe oñeñeꞌeva apytépe:

Ñeꞌẽaty(ꞌi)	Ñeꞌẽngue		Ñeꞌẽpy	ÑRH	Heꞌise	Jesareko
Káukaso Yvatekuarahyreike	Abkhaz ñeꞌẽ		аи/ai	[ʔaj]	ꞌnahániriꞌ
Káukaso Yvatekuarahyreike	Adigeñeꞌẽ		ӏэ/ꞌė	[ʔa]	ꞌjyva/poꞌ
Semíta	Araveñeꞌẽ	Koꞌãgagua estándar	أغاني/ʾaḡānī	[ʔaˈɣaːniː]	ꞌpuraheikuéraꞌ	Ehecha Hamza.
		Levantepegua ha Ehitopegua	شقة/šaꞌꞌa	[ˈʃæʔʔæ]	ꞌapartmentꞌ	Corresponds to /q/ or /g/ in other dialects. See Levantine Arabic phonology and Egyptian Arabic phonology
		Fasi ha Tlemce-pegua	قال/ꞌāl	[ˈʔaːl]	ꞌhe saidꞌ	Corresponds to /q/ or /g/ in other dialects.
Kiranti	Bantawa		चा:वा	[t͡saʔwa]	ꞌdrinking waterꞌ
Bikol	Vikolñeꞌẽ		bàgo	[ˈbaːʔɡo]	ꞌnewꞌ
Algonquian	Blackfoot		ᓭᖰ / saꞌáí	[saʔɛ́]	ꞌduckꞌ
Slavic	Vulgariañeꞌẽ		ъ-ъ/ŭ-ŭ	[ˈʔɤʔɤ]	ꞌnopeꞌ
Sino-Tibetan	Burmese		မြစ်များ/mrac mya:	[mjiʔ mjá]	ꞌriversꞌ
Philippine	Sevuñeꞌẽ		gatuo	[ˈgatuʔo]	ꞌbelieveꞌ
Malajopolinésia	Chamorroñeꞌẽ		haluTembiecharã:Hamzau	[həluʔu]	ꞌsharkꞌ
Sinitic	Chinañeꞌẽ	Cantonese	愛/oi3	[ʔɔːi˧]	ꞌloveꞌ	See Cantonese phonology.
		Wu	一级了/ih cih leh	[ʔiɪʔ.tɕiɪʔ.ʔləʔ]	ꞌsuperbꞌ
		Hokkien	合/ha̍h	[hɐʔ˥]	ꞌto suitꞌ
Polynesian	Cook Islands Māori		taTembiecharã:Okinai	[taʔi]	ꞌoneꞌ
Slavic	Chekoñeꞌẽ		používat	[poʔuʒiːvat]	ꞌto useꞌ	See Czech phonology.
Cushitic	Dahalo		maTembiecharã:Hamzaa	[maʔa]	ꞌwaterꞌ	see Dahalo phonology
Germanic	Dinamarkañeꞌẽ		hånd	[ˈhʌ̹nʔ]	ꞌhandꞌ	One of the possible realizations of stød. Depending on the dialect and style of speech, it can be instead realized as laryngealisation of the preceding sound. See Danish phonology.
Germanic	Olandañeꞌẽ		beamen	[bəʔˈaːmə(n)]	ꞌto confirmꞌ	See Dutch phonology.
Germanic	Ingreñeꞌẽ	Multiple dialects	I am	[ʔaɪ ʔæm] (emphatic "am")) or [ʔaɪ æm]	ꞌIꞌ	Glottal stop before initial vowel at the start of a phrase. Elsewhere, optionally, to emphasize a word or separate it from the previous one.
		RP	uh-oh	[ˈɐʔəʊ]	ꞌuh-ohꞌ
		American	uh-oh	[ˈʌʔoʊ]ⓘ	ꞌuh-ohꞌ
		Australian	cat	[kʰæʔ(t)]	ꞌcatꞌ	Allophone of /t/, /k/ or /p/. See glottalization, English phonology, and definite article reduction.
		GA		[kʰæʔ(t)]
		Estuary		[kʰæʔ]
		Cockney		[kʰɛ̝ʔ]
		Scottish		[kʰäʔ]
		Some Northern England	the	[ʔ]	ꞌtheꞌ
		Geordie	thank you		ꞌthank youꞌ
		Geordie	people		ꞌpeopleꞌ
		RP and GA	button	[ˈbɐʔn̩]ⓘ	ꞌbuttonꞌ
Germanic	Alemaniañeꞌẽ	Northern	Beamter	[bəˈʔamtɐ]	ꞌcivil servantꞌ	Generally all vowel onsets. See Standard German phonology.
Hmongic	Hmong ñeꞌẽ		/ ob	[ʔo˦]	'two (2)'
Tupi	Avañeꞌẽ		'avañeꞌẽ'	[ãʋ̃ãɲẽˈʔẽ]	'avañeꞌẽ'	Puꞌaekuéra apytépe añónte.
Polynesian	Havaiñeꞌẽ		[[Hawaiian alphabet\|Tembiecharã:OkinaeleTembiecharã:Okinaele]]	[ˈʔɛlɛˈʔɛlɛ]	'black'	See Hawaiian phonology.
Semitic	Evreoñeꞌẽ		מַאֲמָר/maꞌamar	[maʔămaʁ]	'article'	Often elided in casual speech. See Modern Hebrew phonology.
Germanic	Ihlandiañeꞌẽ		en	[ʔɛn]	ꞌbutꞌ	Only used according to emphasis, never occurring in minimal pairs.
Malayo-Polynesian	Ilokoñeꞌẽ		nalab-ay	[nalabˈʔaj]	ꞌbland tastingꞌ	Hyphen when occurring within the word.
Malayo-Polynesian	Indonesiañeꞌẽ		bakso	[ˌbäʔˈso]	ꞌmeatballꞌ	Allophone of /k/ or /ɡ/ in the syllable coda.
Northeast-Caucasian	Ingush ñeꞌẽ		кхоъ / qoTembiecharã:Hamza	[qoʔ]	ꞌthreeꞌ
Hapõicha	Hapõñeꞌẽ	Kagoshima	/kuQ/	[kuʔ]	ꞌneckꞌ
Malayo-Polynesian	Java ñeꞌẽ		ꦲꦤꦏ꧀	[änäʔ]	ꞌchildꞌ	Allophone of /k/ in morpheme-final position.
Aslian	Jedek ñeꞌẽ			[wɛ̃ʔ]	ꞌleft sideꞌ
Northwest-Caucasian	Kavardiañeꞌẽ		ӏэ/ꞌė	[ʔa]	ꞌarm/handꞌ
Manobo	Kagayanen		saag	[saˈʔaɡ]	ꞌfloorꞌ
Khasi-Palaungic	Khasi ñeꞌẽ		lyoh	[lʔɔːʔ]	ꞌcloudꞌ
Mon-Khmer	Khmer		សំអាត / sâmqat	[sɑmʔɑːt]	ꞌto cleanꞌ	See Khmer phonology
Koreanic	Koreañeꞌẽ		일/il	[ʔil]	ꞌoneꞌ	In free variation with no glottal stop. Occurs only in initial position of a word.
Malayo-Polynesian	Malajoñeꞌẽ	Standard	tidak	[ˈtidäʔ]	ꞌnoꞌ	Allophone of final /k/ in the syllable coda, pronounced before consonants and at end of the a word. In other positions, /ʔ/ has phonemic status only in loanwords from Arabic. See Malay phonology
		Kelantan-Pattani	ikat	[ˌiˈkaʔ]	ꞌto tieꞌ	Allophone of final /p, t, k/ in the syllable coda. Pronounced before consonants and at the end of a word.
		Terengganu	ikat	[ˌiˈkaʔ]	ꞌto tieꞌ
Malayo-Polynesian	Makasarñeꞌẽ		taʼdoʼdoʼ	[ˌt̪ʰaʔˈɗɔʔɗɔʔ]	ꞌbe exhaustedꞌ	Written as takdokdok, taddoddok, taʼdoddoʼ, taqdoqdoq or taddoddoʼ in other orthography.
Semitic	Maltañeꞌẽ		qattus	[ˈʔattus]	ꞌcatꞌ
Polynesian	Maoriñeꞌẽ	Taranaki, Whanganui	wahine	[waʔinɛ]	ꞌwomanꞌ
Malayo-Polynesian	Minãkavauñeꞌẽ		waTembiecharã:Hamzaang	[wäʔäŋ]	ꞌyouꞌ	Sometimes written without an apostrophe.
Yok-Utian	Mutsun		tawkaTembiecharã:Hamzali	[tawkaʔli]	ꞌblack gooseberryꞌ	Ribes divaricatum
Kartvelian	Mingrelian		ჸოროფა/?oropha	[ʔɔrɔpʰɑ]	ꞌmborayhuꞌ
Utoahtéka	Nahuatl ñeꞌẽ		tahtli	[taʔtɬi]ⓘ	ꞌtúvaꞌ	Often left unwritten.
Plateau-Penutian	Nez Perce		yáakaʔ	[ˈjaːkaʔ]	ꞌblack bearꞌ
Tupi	Ñeꞌẽngatu		ai	[aˈʔi]	ꞌslothꞌ	Transcription (or absence thereof) varies.
Algonquian	Ojibwe		ᒪᓯᓇᐃᑲᓐ/mazina'igan	[ˌmʌzɪˌnʌʔɪˈɡʌn]	ꞌa book; a letter; a document; a paperꞌ	Merges with /h/ in some dialects. See Ojibwe phonology.
Ryukyuan	Okinaguañeꞌẽ		音/utu	[ʔutu]	ꞌsoundꞌ
Indo-Iranian	Persiañeꞌẽ		معنی/maꞌni	[maʔni]	ꞌmeaningꞌ	See Persian phonology.
Slavic	Poloniañeꞌẽ		era	[ʔɛra]	ꞌeraꞌ	Most often occurs as an anlaut of an initial vowel (Ala ‒> [Ɂala]). See Polish phonology#Glottal stop.
Mura	Pirahãñeꞌẽ		baíxi	[ˈmàí̯ʔì]	ꞌparentꞌ
Romance	Portugalñeꞌẽ	Vernacular Brazilian	ê-ê	[ˌʔe̞ˈʔeː]	ꞌyeah rightꞌ	Marginal sound. Does not occur after or before a consonant. In Brazilian casual speech, there is at least one [ʔ]–vowel length–pitch accent minimal pair (triply unusual, the ideophones short ih vs. long ih). See Portuguese phonology.
Romance	Portugalñeꞌẽ	Some speakers	à aula	[ˈa ˈʔawlɐ]	ꞌto the classꞌ
Oceanic	Rotuman		ʻusu	[ʔusu]	ꞌto boxꞌ
Ehlávo	Rrusiañeꞌẽ		не-а / ne-a	[ˈnʲeʔə]	ꞌnopeꞌ
Polynesian	Samoan		maTembiecharã:Okinai	[maʔi]	ꞌsickness/illnessꞌ
Romance	Sardiniañeꞌẽ	Some dialects of Barbagia	unu pacu	[ˈuːnu paʔu]	ꞌa littleꞌ	Intervocalic allophone of /n, k, l/.
Romance	Sardiniañeꞌẽ	Some dialects of Sarrabus	sa luna	[sa ʔuʔa]	ꞌthe moonꞌ	Intervocalic allophone of /n, k, l/.
Slavic	Serbo-Croatian		i onda	[iː ʔô̞n̪d̪a̠]	ꞌand thenꞌ	Optionally inserted between vowels across word boundaries.^[8] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Isolate	Seri		he	[ʔɛ]	ꞌIꞌ
Cushitic	Somaliñeꞌẽ		baʼ	[baʔ]	ꞌcalamityꞌ	though /ʔ/ occurs before all vowels, it is only written medially and finally. See Somali phonology
Romance	Ehpañañeꞌẽ	Nikaraguapegua	más alto	[ˈma ˈʔal̻t̻o̞]	'yvateve'	Marginal sound or allophone of /s/ between vowels in different words. Does not occur after or before a consonant. See Spanish phonology.
Romance	Ehpañañeꞌẽ	Jukatãmegua	cuatro años	[ˈkwatɾo̞ ˈʔãɲo̞s]	'irundy ary'
Salishan	Squamish		Sḵwx̱wú7mesh sníchim	[sqʷχʷoʔməʃ snit͡ʃim]	ꞌSquamish languageꞌ
Philippine	Tagaloñeꞌẽ		aaâ	[ʔɐʔɐˈʔaʔ]	ꞌto pooꞌ (fut.)	See Tagalog phonology.
Polynesian	Tahitian		puaTembiecharã:Okinaa	[puaʔa]	ꞌpigꞌ
Tai-Kadai	Tai ñe'ẽ		อา/ꞌā	[ʔaː]	ꞌuncle/auntꞌ (fatherꞌs younger sibling)
Polynesian	Tongan		tuTembiecharã:Okinau	[tuʔu]	ꞌstandꞌ
Samoyedic	Tundra Nenets		[[Cyrillic script\|выTembiecharã:Hamza]]/vyꞌ	[wɨʔ]	ꞌtundraꞌ
Vietic	Viehnañeꞌẽ		oi	[ʔɔj˧]	ꞌsultryꞌ	In free variation with no glottal stop. See Vietnamese phonology.
Finnic	Vyroñeꞌẽ		piniq	[ˈpinʲiʔ]	ꞌdogsꞌ	"q" is Võro plural marker (maa, kala, "land", "fish"; maaq, kalaq, "lands", "fishes").
Isolate	Wagiman ñeꞌẽ		jamh	[t̠ʲʌmʔ]	ꞌto eatꞌ (perf.)
Omotic	Welayta ñeꞌẽ		7írTi	[ʔirʈa]	ꞌwetꞌ
Polynesian	Wallis ñeꞌẽ		maTembiecharã:Okinauli	[maʔuli]	ꞌlifeꞌ

Ehecha avei

Manduꞌapy

↑ Umeda, Noriko. „Occurrence of Glottal Stops in Fluent Speech“ (in en). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 64 (1), 88–94 (1978). DOI:10.1121/1.381959. PMID 712005.
↑ Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedMorrow, Paul (March 16, 2011).
↑ Tagalog Reading Booklet. 2007. pp. 5–6.
↑ Proposal to Add Latin Small Letter Glottal Stop to the UCS
↑ Browne, Rachel (12 March 2015). "What's in A Name? a Chipewyan's Battle Over Her Native Tongue (in en)."
↑ Natalia Krivoshein de Canese. Gramática de la lengua guaraní. Asunción: Colección Ñemity, 1994, p. 23-28. Ojehecha https://www.staff.uni-mainz.de/lustig/guarani/ortografia/ortografia.html-pe, 20 jasypoapy 2025.
↑ Alfabeto Guaraní – Nomenclatura Gramatical. https://www.scribd.com/document/502780757/2-Alfabeto-guarani-nomenclatura-gramatical-pptx. Oñeporandu 20 jasypoapy 2025.
↑ Mandu'apýpe ojejavy: Etiqueta <ref> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas Landau68

Bibliografía rehegua

[umeda-1] Umeda, Noriko. „Occurrence of Glottal Stops in Fluent Speech“ (in en). The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 64 (1), 88–94 (1978). DOI:10.1121/1.381959. PMID 712005.

[expr-2] Error on call to template:cite web: Parameters url and title must be specifiedMorrow, Paul (March 16, 2011).

[tagalog-3] Tagalog Reading Booklet. 2007. pp. 5–6.

[4] Proposal to Add Latin Small Letter Glottal Stop to the UCS

[5] Browne, Rachel (12 March 2015). "What's in A Name? a Chipewyan's Battle Over Her Native Tongue (in en)."

[6] Natalia Krivoshein de Canese. Gramática de la lengua guaraní. Asunción: Colección Ñemity, 1994, p. 23-28. Ojehecha https://www.staff.uni-mainz.de/lustig/guarani/ortografia/ortografia.html-pe, 20 jasypoapy 2025.

[7] Alfabeto Guaraní – Nomenclatura Gramatical. https://www.scribd.com/document/502780757/2-Alfabeto-guarani-nomenclatura-gramatical-pptx. Oñeporandu 20 jasypoapy 2025.

[Landau68-8] Mandu'apýpe ojejavy: Etiqueta <ref> no válida; no se ha definido el contenido de las referencias llamadas Landau68

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